the total of the ecosystem services needed to prevent climate change
the total of greenhouse gases emitted
the difference between the total land area needed to produce and to absorb the carbon
12.Why might a region be considered a biodiversity hotspot?
1 point
The region produces a high value of ecosystem services.
The region has a high intrinsic valuation.
The region produces a low value of ecosystem services.
The region is far from the major sites of human habitation.
The region has many different species.
13.According to the concept of ecological fragility and resilience, we might expect a biodiversity hotspot’s ecosystem to _________________.
1 point
be more likely than other regions to collapse after a disturbance
return to an original state relatively slowly after a disturbance
provide relatively many ecosystem services after a disturbance
provide relatively few ecosystem services after a disturbance
return to an original state relatively quickly after a disturbance
14.Which of the following could reasonably be described as an example of the intrinsic value approach?
1 point
A deer that exists for its own sake
The ecosystem services provided by a native tall-grass prairie
The drug that can be extracted from a new species of plant that is as yet unknown to science
The value of a deer to a bow-hunter
The ecosystem services provided by a farmer’s field
15.We could say that embodied energy measures _______________.
1 point
the sum of the energy that is needed to make and the energy that is needed to operate a product
the difference between the energy that is produced and the energy that is extracted from an ecosystem
the sum of the energy that is needed to make a product
the total energy that is stored in an ecosystem
the total energy that is flowing through an ecosystem
16.Using food miles to estimate environmental impact is an example of ______________.
1 point
the Environmental Kuznets Curve
the use of intrinsic valuation
a carbon footprint analysis
an environmental heuristic
an application of Life Cycle Analysis
17.If a society returns to its original state after a significant disturbance (such as a war, crop failure, or pandemic), we can describe it as __________________.
1 point
on an s-shaped growth pattern
on a j-shaped growth pattern
fragile
resilient
biodiverse
18.Which of the following is evidence that the Environmental Kuznets Curve might not be widely applicable?
1 point
Population growth follows an S-shaped curve.
Rainforest destruction has steadily continued over the 21st century.
CO2 emissions do not decrease as countries become wealthier.
Rainforest destruction accelerated over the 20th century.
Population growth follows a J-shaped curve.
19.If the theory behind the Environmental Kuznets Curve is true for all environmental problems, we could say that _______________________.
1 point
citizens of countries with growing economies create relatively few environmental impacts
citizens of very wealthy countries create relatively few environmental impacts
people and countries become wealthier over time
the intrinsic value of nature is highest for countries with a medium level of development
Life Cycle Assessments of goods and services will show fewer impacts in stage 1 and 4 than in stage 2 and 3
20.Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem service as supplied by a wetland?
1 point
The intrinsic value of native grasses but not invasive grasses that live in the wetland
The intrinsic value of both native and invasive grasses that live in the wetland
The third Daly Rule
The ecological footprint of the organisms that live in the wetland
The fish caught by recreational anglers who visit the wetland
21.If a society were following the Daly Rules, ___________________.
1 point
fish stocks would either be steady or increasing
population would either be steady or declining
carbon dioxide would not be emitted
All of the other options are correct.
fossil fuels would not be consumed
22.Aluminum is a metal refined from the mineral bauxite. This requires large amounts of energy. If we were to use a Life Cycle Assessment approach to estimate the total carbon footprint of an aluminum can, it would be reasonable to ________________.
1 point
include the depletion of the bauxite supply in our calculations
deduct the embodied energy in the refined aluminum of the can from the final total
use time-dependent discounting to reweight the needs of people in the future
determine the total ecological footprint required to provide the land needed to dispose of the can
not calculate the use of the can, as this is only a minor contributor to emissions
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